Xeroderma Pigmentosum with Severe Neurological Manifestations/De Sanctis-Cacchione Syndrome and a Novel XPC Mutation.

Several genetic disorders caused by defective nucleotide excision repair that affect the skin and the nervous system have been described, including Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP), De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome (DSC), Cockayne syndrome, and Trichothiodystrophy. Cutaneous photosensitivity with an increased risk of skin malignancy is a common feature of these disorders, but clinical manifestations commonly overlap these syndromes. Several genes have been found to be altered in these pathologies, but we lack more genotype-phenotype correlations in order to make an accurate diagnosis. Very few cases of DSC syndrome have been reported in the literature. We present a case of a 12-year-old Colombian male, with multiple skin lesions in sun-exposed areas from the age of 3 months and a history of 15 skin cancers. He also displayed severe neurologic abnormalities (intellectual disability, ataxia, altered speech, and hyperreflexia), short stature, and microcephaly, which are features associated with DSC. Genetic testing revealed a novel germline mutation in the XP-C gene (c.547A>T). This is the first case of an XP-C mutation causing De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome. Multigene panel testing is becoming more widely available and accessible in the clinical setting and will help rapidly unveil the molecular etiology of these rare genetic disorders.

Becker's Nevus Syndrome in a Pediatric Female Patient.

Becker's nevus syndrome is part of the epidermal nevus syndromes and has been described with a phenotype that includes Becker's nevus, ipsilateral breast hypoplasia, and variable skeletal malformations. It is more frequent in males than in females (5 : 1) but is more relevant in females. The diagnosis is clinically based and the skin lesion must be present and no other numbered criteria have been established, but with more criteria being present the possibility of the diagnosis is higher. Regarding the treatment of breast hypoplasia, the use of antiandrogen medication has demonstrated adequate clinical response in a dose of 50 mg/day of spironolactone.

Cortisol: mediciones de laboratorio y aplicación clínica / Cortisol: laboratory measurements and clinical application

Resumen: la medición del cortisol total en sangre ha sido parte fundamental en el estudio del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal y de sus alteraciones, tales como el síndrome de Cushing y la insuficiencia adrenal. El cortisol circula en plasma en su mayoría unido a proteínas, pero su fracción libre es la biológicamente activa y se puede medir en sangre, orina y saliva. La secreción de cortisol no es homogéneadurante el día, por el contrario, está regida por un ritmo circadiano, que a su vez, se puede ver afectado por diferentes estresores físicos y psicológicos. Por esta razón, se cuenta con pruebas como el cortisol en orina de 24 horas que permiteevaluar la producción diaria de cortisol. También es posible realizar pruebas funcionales como la supresión de cortisol con dexametasona para el estudio del síndrome de Cushing y la prueba de estímulo con la hormona adrenocorticotropa(ACTH) como parte del estudio de la insuficiencia adrenal. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo realizar una puesta al día sobre los diferentes métodos para medir el cortisol como parte del estudio del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal, haciendo énfasis en su utilidad para el diagnóstico de condiciones patológicas endocrinas.

Abstract: Total cortisol measurement in blood has been a fundamental part in the study of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and of its disorders, such as Cushing syndrome and adrenal insufficiency. Cortisol circulates in the plasma mainly bound to proteins, but the free fraction is the biologically activeone, which can be measure in blood, urine, and saliva. Cortisol secretion is not homogeneous throughout the day; instead, secretion is governed by a circadian rhythm that also can be affected by different physical and psychologicalstressors. For this reason, other tests such as 24-hour urinary cortisol are available, which evaluates the daily production of cortisol. Functional tests such as cortisol suppression with dexamethasone for the Cushing’s syndrome study and the ACTH stimulation test as part of adrenal insufficiency study can also be performed. This review aims to perform an update on the different cortisol measuring methods as part of the study of hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal axis, emphasizing in their use to endocrine diseases diagnosis.

Hidrocefalia en un niño como manifestación de neurocisticercosis: reporte de un caso y revisión de tema / Hydrocephalus in children as a manifestation of neurocysticercosis: case report

La cisticercosis es una enfermedad producida por un parásito endémico en muchas regiones de Centro y Suramérica, el cual puede invadir el sistema nervioso central y manifestarse como una epilepsia y con menor frecuencia como hidrocefalia. La infección de Tenia solium en su estadolarvario se adquiere por la ingesta de sus huevos, los cuales están presentes en la materia fecal de humanos portadores del parásito adulto. Una vez en la luz intestinal, las oncoesferas invaden la pared del intestino delgado y migran, vía hematógena, a diferentes órganos, entre ellos el cerebro.Presentamos un caso que se manifiesta con hidrocefalia y hacemos una revisión del tema.

Neurocysticercosis is a disease caused by an endemic parasite in many regions of Central and South America. Itcan invade the central nervous system and manifests asan epileptic syndrome and hydrocephalus. Taenia soliuminfection in their larval stage is acquired by ingestionof the parasite eggs present in the feces of human adult carriers, once in the intestinal lumen the oncospheresinvade the bowel wall and migrate hematogenously to different organs including the brain. We present a casethat shows hydrocephalus and then review the issue.